What Is the Role of the Irrational in Earlytwentiethcentury Art?

Thinking, talking, or acting without inclusion of rationality

This article is about the quality of human being behavior. For the concept in mathematics, see Irrational number.

Irrationality is knowledge, thinking, talking, or acting without inclusion of rationality. It is more specifically described as an action or opinion given through inadequate employ of reason, or through emotional distress or cerebral deficiency. The term is used, commonly pejoratively, to describe thinking and deportment that are, or appear to be, less useful, or more than casuistic than other more rational alternatives.^{[one] [2]}

Irrational behaviors of individuals include taking offense or becoming angry near a situation that has non nonetheless occurred, expressing emotions exaggeratedly (such as crying hysterically), maintaining unrealistic expectations, engaging in irresponsible acquit such as problem intoxication, disorganization, and falling victim to conviction tricks. People with a mental illness like schizophrenia may exhibit irrational paranoia.

These more contemporary normative conceptions of what constitutes a manifestation of irrationality are difficult to demonstrate empirically considering information technology is not clear by whose standards we are to estimate the beliefs rational or irrational.^{[ citation needed ]}

Caption of occurrence [edit]

Seemingly irrational behavior: human putting 21 black hats on a fire hydrant

The written report of irrational behavior is of involvement in fields such as psychology, cerebral science, economics, game theory, and evolutionary psychology, besides equally of practical interest to the practitioners of advertising and propaganda.

Theories of irrational behavior include:

• People's actual interests differ from what they believe to exist their interests.
• Mechanisms that have evolved to give optimal behavior in normal conditions lead to irrational behavior in abnormal atmospheric condition.
• Situations are outside of 1's ordinary circumstances, where one may feel intense levels of fright, or may regress to a fight-or-flying mentality.
• People fail to realize the irrationality of their actions and believe they are acting perfectly rationally, possibly due to flaws in their reasoning.
• Apparently irrational decisions are really optimal, but fabricated unconsciously on the basis of "hidden" interests that are not known to the conscious mind.
• People have the inability to comprehend the social consequences of their own deportment, maybe due in office to a lack of empathy.
• Some people observe themselves in this condition by living "double" lives. They attempt to put on one "mask" for ane grouping of people and some other for a unlike group of people. Many will become dislocated as to which they really are or which they wish to become.^{[3] [ better source needed ]}

Factors that affect rational behavior include:

• Stress, which in plow may be emotional or physical
• The introduction of a new or unique situation
• Intoxication
• Peers who convey irrational thoughts every bit necessary standards for social credence.

Intentional [edit]

Irrationality is not ever viewed as a negative. Dada Surrealist art movements embraced irrationality equally a means to "reject reason and logic". André Breton, for example, argued for a rejection of pure logic and reason which are seen as responsible for many contemporary social problems.^[iv]

In science fiction literature, the progress of pure rationality is viewed as a quality which may pb civilization ultimately toward a scientific future dependent on technology. Irrationality in this case, is a positive cistron which helps to residual excessive reason.

In psychology, excessive rationality without inventiveness may exist viewed equally a form of cocky-control and protection. Sure problems, such equally death and loss, may accept no rational solution when they are being experienced.^{[ commendation needed ]} One may seek logical explanations for such events, when in fact the proper emotional response is grief.^{[ citation needed ]} Irrationality is thus a means of freeing the mind toward purely imaginative solutions, to break out of celebrated patterns of dependence into new patterns that permit ane to move on.^{[ citation needed ]}

Irrationalist [edit]

Irrationalist is a wide term. It may be applied to mean "one without rationality", for their beliefs or ideas. Or, more precisely, it may hateful someone who openly rejects some aspect of rationalism, variously defined. It can be seen equally either a negative quality, used pejoratively, or a positive quality: For example, religious faith may variably be seen by some as a virtue which doesn't need to be rational (see fideism), while others (even of the aforementioned religious tradition) may view their faiths equally being rational, favoring rationalism.

Too, information technology might exist considered irrationalist to gamble or purchase a lottery ticket, on the footing that the expected value is negative.

Irrational thought was seen in Europe as part of the reaction against Continental rationalism. For example, Johann Georg Hamann is sometimes classified as an irrationalist.^{[ citation needed ]}

In philosophy [edit]

Ancient Greek philosophy established a fundamental differentiation between logical "true" assumptions of the universe and irrational "false" statements or mere opinions based on emotion or sensorial experience. The German cultural historian Silvio Vietta has shown that Greek philosophy thus founded a dual cultural system based on rationality as the domain of philosophy and science versus "irrational" emotion and sensuality as domains of literature and art.^{[v] [6]} Since the irrational emotions equally stirred upwards in literature threaten the rationality of homo beings, in The Commonwealth Plato expelled poets from the state.^{[ commendation needed ]}

In the after history of philosophy this opposition of rationality and the irrational was renewed as a methodological differentiation by Descartes, simply reversed by Pascal in his statement: "Le coeur a ses raisons, que la raison ne connait point" ("The eye has its reasons which reason does non know").^[7] Pascal thus asserted a specific rationality of the "irrational" emotions. The philosophy of sensualism (John Locke, amidst others) underlined the importance of the senses as the source of human perception and cognition.

The 19th-century High german philosopher Julius Bahnsen asserted that all thought processes, desires and actions ultimately led to irresolvable contradictions which stem from the inherent irrationality of being. Years earlier, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling had theorized that despite some traces of rationality in the world, the "dark ground" of being itself rested in an irrational will that could not be explained, only described in an apophatic fashion. Arthur Schopenhauer picked up on this idea and completely fleshed out the concept of an irrational will as a cause of existence, by founding his entire metaphysics and explaining the variety of concrete phenomena precisely with this underlying, unconscious and dynamic notion of will.

Søren Kierkegaard gave some remit to irrationality in his Concluding Scientific Postscript to the Philosophical Fragments, where he claimed that 'Subjectivity is Truth'. Rather than allowing reason to do our choosing for us, Kierkegaard argued that irrational leaps of faith could exist more useful, as they were more authentic (although, he never used the word 'authentic'), and thus gave more meaning to life. Objectivity, like reason, was opposed to subjectivity, and thus could not be said to give any pregnant to anyone's life. Although he never dismissed rationality in its entirety, Kierkegaard argued that we could not permit rationality to make our decisions for us. In this, and to some caste, he offers a vindication of irrationality.

In literature [edit]

Much subject area matter in literature tin be seen as an expression of man longing for the irrational. The Romantics valued irrationality over what they perceived every bit the sterile, calculating and emotionless philosophy which they thought to have been brought about by the Age of Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution.^[8] The Dadaists and Surrealists afterward used irrationality every bit a basis for their art. The condone of reason and preference for dream states in Surrealism was an exaltation of the irrational and the rejection of logic.

Mythology nearly e'er incorporates elements of fantasy and the supernatural; however myths are largely accepted by the societies that create them, and simply come to be seen as irrational through the spyglass of fourth dimension and by other cultures. But though mythology serves equally a mode to rationalize the universe in symbolic and often anthropomorphic ways, a pre-rational and irrational mode of thinking can exist seen every bit tacitly valued in mythology's supremacy of the imagination, where rationality equally a philosophical method has non been developed.

On the other side the irrational is oft depicted from a rational indicate of view in all types of literature, provoking amusement, contempt, disgust, hatred, awe, and many other reactions.^{[ commendation needed ]}

In psychotherapy [edit]

The term irrational is often used in psychotherapy and the concept of irrationality is especially known in rational emotive behavior therapy originated and developed by American psychologist Albert Ellis. In this approach, the term irrational is used in a slightly different manner than in general. Hither irrationality is defined as the tendency and leaning that humans have to deed, emote and think in ways that are inflexible, unrealistic, absolutist and most importantly cocky-defeating and socially defeating and destructive.^[nine]

One psychotherapist describes the overlapping of irrationality and psychotherapy:

I didn't understand enough almost them [patients] or how they thought even to brainstorm to reach them. Listening to their stories, I wanted to offering advice. Why don't you escape from such a relationship? Leave your dwelling, don't submit! Seek out others, expect more for yourself, I wanted to say. But I came to realize that they could non really hear me. They heard my words, perhaps fifty-fifty agreed with my recommendations. They had brain compartments to which new information, my suggestions for example, had easy admission. But habits, learned emotional responses, and remembered expectations were buried deep in their brains that dictated the form of their lives. These patients, similar victims of encephalitis, could not be awakened.^[10]

See as well [edit]

• Amygdala hijack
• Behavioral economics
• Bounded rationality
• Cognitive bias
• Dysrationalia
• Irrationalism and Aestheticism
• Logical Fallacy
• Optimism bias
• Rational irrationality
• Rationality and power
• Self-serving bias
• Superstition

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Mead, Margaret. Male and Female: The Classic Study of the Sexes (1949) Quill (HarperCollins) 1998 edition: ISBN 0-688-14676-7
2. ^ Fletcher, Joyce K. (1994). "Castrating the Female Advantage". Periodical of Management Research. 3: 74–82. doi:10.1177/105649269431012. S2CID 145589766.
3. ^ Becker, Gary Due south. (1962). "Irrational Beliefs and Economic Theory". Periodical of Political Economy. 70 (i): 1–13. doi:x.1086/258584. ISSN 0022-3808. JSTOR 1827018. S2CID 43576008.
4. ^ Breton, André (1999) [First published 1924]. "Manifesto of Surrealism". ScreenSite. Archived from the original on one Apr 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
5. ^ Silvio Vietta (2013). A Theory of Global Civilization: Rationality and the Irrational as the Driving Forces of History. Kindle Ebooks.
6. ^ Silvio Vietta (2012). Rationalität. Eine Weltgeschichte. Europäische Kulturgeschichte und Globalisierung. Fink.
7. ^ Pascal. Pensées, Nr. 277.
8. ^ Kreis, Steven (4 Baronial 2009). "Lecture sixteen: The Romantic Era". Historyguide.org. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
9. ^ Ellis, Albert (2001). Overcoming Destructive Beliefs, Feelings, and Behaviors: New Directions for Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. Prometheus Books.^{[ page needed ] [ ISBN missing ]}
10. ^ Alkon, D. L. (1992). Memory'southward Vocalism. New York: HarperCollins. p. eighteen. ^{[ ISBN missing ]}

References [edit]

• Stuart Sutherland Irrationality: Why We Don't Think Straight, 1992, reissued 2007 by Pinter & Martin ISBN 978-i-905177-07-3
• William B. Helmreich (2011). What Was I Thinking? The Dumb Things We Do and How to Avoid Them . Taylor. ISBN978-1589795976.
• Lisa Bortolotti, Irrationality, Cambridge, Polity Printing, 2014

External links [edit]

• Craig R. M. McKenzie. Rational models as theories – not standards – of behavior. Trends in Cerebral Sciences Vol.vii No.9 September 2003
• REBT-CBT Internet – Internet Guide to Rational Emotive Beliefs Therapy

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrationality

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